THE  LIBRARY 

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OF  CALIFORNIA 

Anthropology 
IN  MEMORY  OF 


Martha  Beckwith 


OCCASIONAL  PAPERS 


OF    . 


BERNICE  PAUAHI  BISHOP  MUSEUM  OF 

POLYNESIAN  ETHNOLOGY  AND 

NATURAL  HISTORY 


Vol.  VII— Xo.  ii. 
With  Plates  XX— XXIII. 

.N  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 
OF  HALEAKALA 

BY 

Kenneth  P.  E  i.-i 


honolulu,  hawaii 

Bishop  Museum  Press 

1921 


OCCASIONAL  PAPERS 


OF  THE 


BERNICE  PAUAHI  BISHOP  MUSEUM  OF 

POLYNESIAN  ETHNOLOGY  AND 

NATURAL  HISTORY 


Vol.  VII— No.  ii. 
With  Plates  XX— XXIII. 

AN  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 
OF  HALEAKALA 


BY 

Kennkth  p.  Emory 
// 


honolulu,  hawaii 

Bishop  Museum  Press 

1921 


Anthropology 


Add'l 


GIFT 


ANTHROP. 
IIBRARY 


An  Archaeological  Survey  of  Haleakala 

By  Kenneth  P.  Emory 


INTRODUCTION 

Haleakala,  which  is  substantially  coextensive  with  east  Maui, 
is  the  giant  volcanic  cone  of  the  largest  inactive  crater  in  the 
world.  It  rises  from  the  sea  to  a  height  of  10,000  feet,  culminating 
in  a  jagged  wall  20  miles  in  circumference  which  forrns  the 
encircling  rim  of  the  crater  broken  only  at  Koolau  Gap  and  Kaupo 
Gap.  The  floor  of  this  crater,  an  area  of  about  15  square  miles, 
lies  1000  to  3000  feet  below  the  rim  and  forms  a  base  from  which 
rise  a  series  of  ancient  cinder  cones  overspread  by  lava  flows  of 
various  ages. 

This  enormous  pit  with  its  meager  plant  and  animal  life  and 
its  uncongenial  climate  seems  a  most  unsuitable  place  for  even 
temporary  settlement.  "Tradition  throws  no  light  upon  any  occu- 
pancy of  the  Crater  of  Haleakala,^  and  few  travelers  across  these 
desolate  wastes  have  had  occasion  to  wander  far  from  well  estab- 
lished trails.  It  is  not  therefore  surprising  that  the  existence  of 
ruins  within  Haleakala  has  but  recently  come  to  the  attention  of 
ethnologists. 

Early  in  1920  the  Museum  received  from  C.  S.  Judd,  Terri- 
torial Forester,  a  photograph  of  a  walled  enclosure  on  the  floor  of 
the  crater,  and  later  in  the  year  information  from  Miss  Armine 
\'on  Tempsky,  transmitted  to  the  Museum  by  Mr.  L.  A.  Thurston, 
led  to  the  organization  of  a  field  party  to  investigate  reported  dis- 
coveries. Leaving  Honolulu  on  August  27,  Robert  T.  Aitken  and 
the  writer  spent  seventeen  days  at  Haleakala  on  a  preliminary 
reconnaissance  survey  that  furnished  sufficient  data  for  Mr.  Aitken 
to  submit  a  report  recommending  further  investigation.  On  Octo- 
ber 2,  with   Antone   Gouveia   as   assistant,   the   writer  returned   to 

^Personal  communication,  March  23.   1921. 

[  3  1  (^^7) 


238  Occasional  Papers  Bcruicc  P.  Bishop  Miisciiiii 

Maui   to   complete    the    survey    which    is    the   basis   of   the    preseut 

rei)ort. 

The  ?^[useuni  is  under  s])ecial  ol)hL;ation  to  members  of  the 
\'on  Tempsky  family,  who  have  thoroughly  explored  the  crater  on 
their  many  hunting-  and  camping  trips.  Their  guidance  and  assist- 
ance are  largely  responsible  for  the  results  obtained.  Acknowledg- 
ment is  also  made  to  Mr.  H.  A.  Baldwin,  who  generously  supplied 
horses  and  pack  mules,  and  to  Mr.  W.  A.  Clark,  manager  of  Grove 
Ranch,  who  assisted  in  many  ways.  Thanks  are  due  also  to  ^Ir. 
Aitken  for  the  use  of  parts  of  his  preliminary  report  which  at 
various  points   supplement  the  observations  of  the   writer. 

STONE    STRLXTl'RES    IX    HALEAKALA 

PUU    NAUK    GROUP 

Exactly  in  the  center  of  the  Crater  a  symmetrical  gray  cin- 
der cone,  Puu  Naue.  rises  to  a  height  of  250  feet  above  the  level 
fioor.  Its  crater  dotted  inside  and  out  with  the  beautiful  silver- 
sword  plant  and  stunted  pilo  bushes,  is  198  feet  in  depth  and  750 
feet  in  diameter.  At  the  bottom  are  three  terraced  platforms  (PI. 
XX,  A).  The  one  on  the  north  slope  is  in  ruins  as  a  large  boul- 
der, rolling  down  from  above,  has  destroyed  a  good  part  of  the  back 
and  front  retaining  w^alls.  Its  horizomal  dimensions-  are  26  feet  on 
the  north,  24  feet  on  the  sou  h,  ii}-^  feet  on  the  eas\  and  loj/^  feet 
on  the  west.  11ie  back  wall  rests  on  the  slope  of  the  cinders.  The 
height  of  the  front  wall,  though  34  inches  at  the  southeast  corner. 
averages  not  more  than  32  inches.  The  east  wall  is  not  only  higher 
and  more  solidly  built  than  the  others  but  is  twice  as  wide  and 
presents  a  table-like  top.  The  structure  has  the  appearance  of  a 
stone  inclosure,  but  the  whole  platform  was  probably  once  filled 
with  sand  and  gravel,  so  that  its  surface  was  level  with  the  lower 
part  of  the  surrounding  wall,  as  were  the  other  tw^o  platforms, 
which  are  in  a  good  state  of  preservation. 

Although  this  structure  is  in  ruins  there  is  nothing  to  indi- 
cate that  it  is  older  than  the  east  and  south  platforms.  Possibly 
the  reason   for  building  it   farther   up  on   the   slopes   was   that   the 

-Measurements  are  estimated  to  the  nearest  half  foot;  to  be  more  pre- 
cise would  give  a  wrong-  impression,  as  the  construction  of  the  walls  was 
always  rough  and  irregular. 

[4] 


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Emory — ,  ///  .  I rcJiacoloi^ical  Sundry  of  Ifalcakohi  239 

large  stones  near  the  holtoni  of  llie  crater  had  alread}-  hecn  titihzed 
in   the  consn"tiction   of   the   otlier   two   ])lat forms. 

The  shghtly  larger  south  platform  (  IM.  XX.  H)  is  rectangu- 
lar, measuring  about  26  by  16  feet.  It>  height  along  the  north 
front  is  2  feet,  hut  the  hack  is  merely  indicated  hy  a  single  course 
of  stones.  Across  the  ])latform  is  laid  a  row  of  small  stones 
making  the  northern  end  a  nearly  s(|uare  enclostu'e.  ( )ur  excava- 
tion of  this  structure  proved  that  the  walls  had  not  been  trenched 
or  buried  by  sliding  or  drifting  sands.  I'he  ui)])er  division  had 
been  excavated  to  a  depth  of  2  feet  l)y  Mr.  Aitken.  We  excavated 
a  pit  4  feet  deep  below  the  apparently  undisturbed  strata  of  cinders 
in  the  lower  division  and  sunk  a  trench  along  the  front  outside 
wall,  but  discovered  no  shells,  artifacts,  nor  skeletal  material. 

The  excavation  of  the  east  platform  to  a  depth  of  5  to  7  feet 
below^  its  surface  and  then  under  the  w^alls  gave  us  lilcewise 
nothing.  This  platform  is  12  feet  along  the  bulging  north  side. 
12  feet  on  the  south,  15^  feet  along  the  east,  and  11  feet  on  the 
west.  The  highest  part  of  the  surrounding  wall  is  on  the  west 
side,  wdiere  it  is  32  inches  high. 

On  a  knoll  at  the  southern  foot  of  Xaue  Cone  is  a  small 
platform.  Its  top  is  not  flat  like  the  others  but  curved  up  very 
noticeably  toward  the  south.  This  platform  is  20  inches  high. 
4  feet  wide  an,d  ti  feet  long,  extending  east  and  west  and  is  buih 
solid  of  local  s^one  on  lava  bedrock.  We  discovered  this  fact  by 
taking  down  the  structure,  restoring  it  again  immediately  as  we 
were  ahvays  careful  to  do.  Near  this  platform  we  picked  up  four 
water-worn  pebbles  the   size  of  a  large  egg. 

BURIAL    AITU    IX    KAMOA    O    VELt 

Ten  minutes'  walk  across  the  sands  southwest  of  Puu  Xaue 
brings  one  to  the  low^  break  in  the  wall  of  Kamoa  o  Pele.  a  cinder 
cone,  colored  an  even,  soft  red.  On  the  floor  of  its  crater  is  an 
ahu.^^     (PL  XXI,  A.) 


^  Ahu  as  the  term  is  used  in  this  paper  is  a  cairn  built  for  some  pur^ 
pose  by  Hawaiians.  In  Polynesia  the  word  ahu  signifies  heap,  or  pile,  and 
was   often   used   to   designate   a   stone   memorial   pile. 

[5] 


240 


Occasional  Pa/^crs  Bcniicc  P.  Bishop  Muscu]ii 


\\c  took  down  llic  stones  of  this  aim  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  1)e  able  to  restore  them.  To  our  surprise,  we  found  the  loase 
approximately  a  rectangle,  6^  feet  on  the  north  and  south,  5  feet 
on  the  east,  and  sV^  ^^^^  on  the  west.  It  rests  on  a  flat  surface 
produced  by  dig'ging-  into  the  side  of  the  crater.  Excavation  for 
a  depth  of  about  two  feet  under  the  south  end  of  the  ahu  brought 


FIGURE  2.     Sketch   of   the   ahu   in   the   Crater   of   Kamoa    o    Pele    showing- 
manner  of  burial. 


into  relief  the  remains  of  a  body  placed  face  downward,  lying 
southeast  and  northwest,  the  head  under  the  south  edge  of  the 
ahu  (fig.  2).  The  body  had  been  buried  grasshopper  fashion,  the 
hands  were  on  the  back  and  the  legs,  bent  at  the  knee,  lay  along- 
side the  ribs.  Two  sticks  of  mamani  wood,  three  inches  in  diam- 
eter and  longer  than  the  remains,  were  above,  one  on  either  side 
of  the  skeleton.  They  suggested  a  stretcher  by  which  the  body  had 
been  borne  to  this  isolated  grave.  Near  the  hand  were  a  few 
pieces  of  decayed  calabash.  The  skull  and  jawbone  were  in  good 
condition,  the  teeth  almost  perfect,  and  all  present  except  the  right 
canine  and  the  premolar,  which  had  been  lost  during  life.  The 
bones  of  the  lower  part  of  the  body  were  much  less  well  preserved. 

[6] 


Bniovy — An  Archaeological  Surrey  of  Halcakala  241 

One  leg  bone  had  been  broken  by  the  pressure  of  the  overlaying 
stones.  An  examination  by  L.  R.  Sullivan  showed  that  the  remains 
were  probably  those  of  a  female  adult  about  4  feet  11  inches  in 
height  and  35  years  of  age;  the  skull  was  of  the  Hawaiian  type 
with  some  Melanesian  characteristics.  The  teeth  were  slightly 
decayed  and  showed  advanced  pyorrhea  in  the  molar  region.  An 
interesting  feature  of  these  remains  is  an  area  about  the  size  of  a 
silver  dollar  on  the  top  of  the  skull,  which  represents  a  concussion 
from  a  blow  that  was  evidently  the  cause  of  death.  There  seems 
to  have  been  some  knitting  of  the  fractured  bone,  indicating  that 
death    was    not   instantaneous. 

It  took  four  of  us  with  good  shovels  50  minutes  to  assemble 
the  ahu.  Two  men  with  calabashes  might  have  dug  the  pit,  laid 
the  sticks  and  body,  filled  the  pit,  gathered  the  stones  and  built  up 
the  structure  in  four  hours,  but  probably  a  much  longer  tinie  was 
tak'en. 

HAL  ALII    GROUP 

Adjoining  Kamoa  o  Pele  is  the  black  cone  of  Halalii  which 
includes  two  craters  separated  by  a  wall  a  hundred  feet  high.  They 
must  have  been  the  seat  of  the  most  violent  gaseous  activity:  the 
cinders  and  rocks,  particularly  of  the  smaller  crater,  are  brightly 
colored,  every  hue  from  orange  to  purple.  On  exploration  of  the 
smaller  crater  on  the  northw^est  no  trace  of  ancient  structures  was 
found.  The  larger  crater  differs  from  the  craters  of  the  other 
cones  examined  in  that  its  slopes  are  broken  by  outcropping  dikes 
of  igneous  rock.  Some  portions  of  the  dikes  overhang  slightly, 
and  in  the  shelter  thus  afforded  a  series  of  terraces  have  been  con- 
structed. (See  map,  fig.  3.)  The  crater  is  most  easily  accessible 
from  the  northeast,  l3Ut  the  approach  from  the  spatter  cone.  Pa 
Puaa  o  Pele,  between  Kamoa  o  Pele  and  Halalii  leads  to  the 
ruins  of  a  treble  terrace  (fig.  3,  A  )  which  lies  on  the  west  rim. 
This  terrace  is  36  feet  long  with  a  break  of  three  feet  in  the  mid- 
dle. The  top  step  is  i  foot  high  along  the  front  and  is  level 
with  the  outside  of  the  crater  rim.  The  two  lower  steps  are 
26  inches  wide  and  lYi  and  2  feet  high,  respectively.  It  is  per- 
haps significant  that  from  this  terrace  one  may  observe  all  other 
structures   within  the  crater. 

[7] 


242 


Occasional  Papers  Pcriiicc  I'.  Bislu>l^  Miisciiiii 


FIGURE  3  Alap  of  the  Crater  of  Halalii  from  a  plane  lal)lc  survey  by 
Kenneth  P.  Emory.  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F.  G.  and  H  mark  the  site  of 
ruined    stone    structures. 

At  the  foot  of  the  northern  slope  we  traced  a  two-foo.  wall 
(fig.  3,  B)  over  which  a  slide  has  passed.  The  wall  appears  to  be 
the''  front  of  a  terrace  or  of  several  small  terraces.  The  structttre 
on  the  northwest  side  of  the  crater  (IT.  XXII,  A,  and  fi-.  3.  ^^• 
is  a  terraced  platform  13  by  16  feet,  resting  on  an  exceedino-ly 
steep  sloiDC,  and  snpported  1)y  a  dike  of  igneons  rod:.  W  hen  first 
visited  only  the  west  wall  was  in  position.  On  onr  second  visit 
time  was  taken  to  bnild  the  walls  to  their  original  height  and  to 

[8] 


£]jiory — An  Archaeological  Survey  of  Halcakala  243 

fill  the  enclosure  with  gravel.    Excavation  sunk  to  bed  rock  revealed 
no    human    remains,    or    implements. 

Below  the  platform  under  the  dike  is  a  series  of  three  ter- 
races (PI.  XXII,  A.  and  fig.  3,  /)).  The  bottom  terrace,  nearly 
buried  by  rocks  from  above,  supports  a  second  terrace  Z'A  feet 
high,  12  feet  long,  5>4  feet  wide,  which  in  turn  supports  the  top. 
I  foot  8  inches  high  and  14  feet  long.  With  pick  and  shovel  we 
laid  bare  the  front  wall  of  the  terrace  which  had  been  i>4  feet 
underground  and  i  foot  above.  It  ran  along  for  9^^  feet,  then 
took  a  right-angle  turn  and  extended  out  for  5>4  feet.  We 
removed  the  sand  inside  the  wall  down  to  3  feet  without  finding 
anything  of  interest.  We  next  dug  along  the  face  of  the  dike 
which  forms  the  north  side  of  the  other  two  terraces  of  the  series, 
and  extended  from  this  trench  into  the  terraces  themselves.  On 
a  level  with  the  surface  of  the  top  terrace,  5  feet  back  from  the 
front  wall  and  sV^  ^eet  from  the  cliff  we  found  a  tooth  that  had 
belonged  to  an  adult,  and  then  a  skull  face  up.  Near  at  hand  were 
fragments  of  other  bones.  There  was  a  stone  to  the  east  of  the 
skull  and  a  small  stone  resting  on  top  of  it.  On  the  same  contour 
as  the  terraces  just  described  and  under  the  north  dike  is  an  inter- 
esting series  of  five  terraces  (PL  XXII,  B,  and  fig.  3.  H)  which 
measure  as  follows : 

Terrace  Length  of  front  wall     Height     Width  of  terrace 

Feet  Feet  Feet 

Lowest -.             12  2  5 

Second    94  ^i  5 

Middle    15  4  7 

Fourth  18  .           6  3 

Top   II  2  7l 

Each  terrace  supports  the  one  above  it.  The  fourth  is  the 
largest  of  the  series,  and  on  it  has  been  built  the  top  terrace. 

We   recovered  the  bones  of  an  adult   female   and   a   child  of 

four  years  of  age  within  the  space  of  the  top  terrace  but  also  deep 

.enough    to    have   been    in    the    fourth   terrace.      The    skull    of    the 

woman    was    missing,    but   the   jawbone    in    good    preservation    lay 

right  side  up   17  inches  below  the  surface   and   36  from  the   front 

[9] 


244  Occasional  Papers  Bcniicc  P.  Bishop  Museum 

wall  of  the  fourth  terrace.  No  teeth  were  found.  Some  of  the 
molars  had  evidently  been  lost  in  life.  Ribs  and  isolated  vertebrae 
extended  the  width  of  the  grave  to  the  clifif  where  we  found  the 
entire  skeleton  of  the  child  buried  32  inches  deep,  turned  slightly 
to  its  left  side,  the  head  towards  the  northeast.  A  toe  bone  was 
found  5  feet  away,  buried  i  foot  under  the  east  end  of  the 
platform,  and  some  of  the  smaller  bones  were  only  i  foot  under 
the  surface  and  next  to  the  front  wall.  There  was  very  coarse 
gravel  about  the  bones  and  large  stones  on  all  sides  of  them.  In 
examining  the  bones  from  this  terrace,  Mr.  Sullivan  found  an 
extra  femur  of  a  child  about  three  years  of  age.  It  is  difficult  to 
account  for  the  absence  of  the  long  bones  of  the  adult,  wdiich 
were  searched  for  most  thoroughly.  Either  they  had  been  removed 
before  the  rest  of  the  skeleton  was  deposited,  or  the  grave  had 
been  opened  and  the  missing  parts  removed.  I  think  the  latter 
explanation  the  more  plausible,  for  none  of  the  bones  were  broken 
and  some  of  the  rib  bones  and  vertebrae  were  in  their  appropriate 
position.  To  explain  the  single  femur  of  the  child  is  likewise 
difficult. 

While  filling  in  the  top  terrace  wx  started  the  sand  sliding 
from  above,  and  brought  to  view  several  small  bleached  frag- 
ments of  bone  and  a  very  large,  badly  weathered  jawbone  with  the 
teeth  remaining  in  it.  Bones  of  the  same  skeleton  were  found  by 
digging  along  the  edge  of  the  dike  and  a  pelvic  bone  was  recov- 
ered from  a  crevice  in  the  cliff  a  foot  and  a  half  under  the  sand. 
By  the  side  of  it  wxre  fragments  of  decayed  wood,  probably  ma- 
mani,  and  bits  of  a  calabash  or  gourd.  The  bones  were  those  of  a 
man  about  sixty  years  of  age  and  well  above  the  average  height. 
Only  a  few  teeth  were  left  on  the  lower  jaw;  the  skull  and  long 
bones  were  missing. 

From  an  opening  made  in  the  front  wall  of  the  fourth  ter- 
race next  to  the  cliff,  we  dug  back  8  feet.  About  3  feet 
behind  the  base  of  the  wall  one  of  the  men  picked  up  a  perforated 
dog's  tooth,  not  very  well  preserved.  Against  the  cliff  were  a 
few  pieces  of  a  broken  gourd  and  a  few  white  bird  feathers  not 
more  than   an   inch   long. 

Dio:o-inor  in  the  middle  terrace  revealed  nothino^  but  that  the 
construction    was    identical    with    the    other    Halalii    terraces ;     the 

[10] 


Binory — An  ArcJwcoIoi^icol  Surz'cy  of  Ilalcalcala  245 

walls  were  of  rough,  porous  pieces  of  red,  yellow,  gray,  and  black 
lava  6  to  18  inches  in  long  diameter  and  3  to  12  inches  in  short 
diameter.  The  stones  w^ere  from  the  immediate  vicinity  and  assort- 
ed by  sizes.  The  walls  were  laid  with  admirable  care.  In  many 
places  they  bulged  or  curved  inward  a  little,  but  were  invariably 
perpendicular.  To  build  a  wall  of  a  single  thickness  of  stone,  loose 
sand  and  gravel  must  have  been  raked  in  for  support  as  the  build- 
ing was  going  on.  The  second  structure  appeared  to  be  only  a 
supporting  terrace.  Excavation  showed  that  the  lowest  terrace 
was  filled  in  with  sand  to  about  2  feet  from  the  surface,  fol- 
lowed by  stones  about  6  inches  in  diameter,  which  in  turn  were 
covered    with   sand. 

The  north  dike  which  borders  the  series  of  five  terraces  has 
a  break  near  the  end,  one  side  of  which  appears  to  have  once  been 
walled  up  and  filled  with  sand.  Dr.  George  Aiken  of  Wailuku, 
Maui,  reports  that  in  this  cavity  he  discovered  ashes  and  a  few- 
bones   which   were   not   human. 

The  front  w^all  of  the  little  terrace  under  the  northeast  dike 
(fig.  3,  /? )  is  4  feet  long,  2  feet  wide,  and  stands  out  from 
the  clifT  5  feet.  The  wall  has  a  wing  on  each  side  extending  out 
2  feet  which  has  held  back  the  gravel  from  sliding  onto  the 
space  before  the  terrace.  Against  the  cliff  wall,  34  inches  beneath 
the  surface  of  the  terrace,  a  rib  bone  was  found.  After  some 
difBcult  excavation  in  sliding  gravels,  we  found  a  skull,  face  down, 
slightly  turned  to  the  south,  and  below  this  a  smaller  skull  filled 
with  broken  bones,  and  then  a  third  very  small  skull  and  jaw. 
Scattered  bones  were  also  found.  The  largest  skull  was  that  of  a 
man  about  sixty  years  of  age  who  had  lost  during  life  most  of  his 
molar  and  premolar  teeth.  The  other  skulls  were  those  of  a  child 
of  four  and  a  child  of  three  years  of  age.  All  were  of  a  pure 
Hawaiian  type. 

On  the  southeast  slope  stands  a  single  terrace  (PL  XXI,  B, 
and  fig.  3,  H)  examined  by  Mr.  Aitken.  Its  situation  is  such  that 
only  a  front  retaining  wall  14  feet  long  and  3  feet  2  inches  high 
is  necessary  to  make  a  platform  14  to  18  feet  long  and  about 
9  feet  wide.  The  wall  is  very  well  laid  and  is  nicely  adjusted  to 
the  curve  of  the  natural  ledge.  The  stones  in  the  upper  courses 
are  the  size  of  a  man's  head  and  those  in  the  lower  courses  twice 

[it] 


246  Occasional  Papers  Bcniicc  P.  Bishop  Museum 

that  size.  At  the  northeast  edge  of  the  terrace  a  crevice  in  tne 
rock  was  followed  for  about  eight  feet  but  without  finding  evidence 
of  use.  and  a  trench  on  the  platform  6  feet  deep  and  6  feet 
long    revealed    nothing. 

Excavation  on  the  structure  at  the  place  marked  on  the  map 
(fig.  3,  F)  disclosed  a  terrace  with  a  front  wall  25  feet  long  and 
5  feet  2  inches  high  at  the  middle.  Position  of  the  back  boundary 
was  not  determined  but  it  was  at  least  10  feet  from  the  retaining 
wall.  We  trenched  for  about  six  feet  in  from  the  center  and  about 
six  feet  deep.  The  large  stones  prevented  further  work.  A  space 
for  about  25  feet  in  front  of  the  structure  seems  to  have  been 
formerly  cleared  of  stone  and  may  have  had  some  connection 
with  the  use  of  the  terrace.  Tw^o  smooth  beach  pebbles  found  at 
Halalii  are  considered  by  Mr.  Aitken  to  be  sling  stones. 

PA    PUAA    O    PELE    GROUP 

Fifteen  yards  east  of  Pa  Puaa  o  Pele  is  a  stone  structure  9 
feet  long  and  5  feet  wide.  The  Kaupo  natives  point  this  out 
as  the  grave  of  tw^o  men  and  a  w^oman  who  scratched  the  sacred 
sands  and  were  lost  in  the  descending  fog-  and  perished.  This 
legend  did  not  seem  plausible  since  the  structure  closely  resembles 
the  platform  at  the  base  of  Naue  and  those  on  the  lava  flows. 
Excavating  cleared  our  doubts,  for  it  revealed  no  burial  in  or 
under  the  structure.  It  is  quite  likely  that  natives  perished  here 
but  the  story  of  their  burial  is  probably  an  attempt  to  explain  the 
existence  of  the  structure.  A  slingstone  was  lodged  in  the  corner 
of  the  structure  and  five  others  were  scattered  about  it.  There  are 
about  50  ahus  around  Pa  Puaa  o  Pele;  none  half  as  large  as  the 
burial  ahu  in  Kamoa  o  Pele  and  some  consisting  of  only  three 
stones  one  on  top  of  the  other. 

On  the  slopes  of  Kaulupo  is  an  ahu  or  a  platform  7  feet 
scjuare  and  4  feet  high.  Near  it  are  15  very  small  piles  of 
stones  each  about  a  foot  high. 

HANAKAUHI    GROUP 

Three  platforms  and  two  ahus  in  lianakauhi  \'alley,  a  little 
pocket  lying  between  Mamani  and  Kumu  Hills,  were  examined 
by  Mr.  Aitken  from  whose  report  the  descriptions  are  taken.     The 

[12] 


Bniory — An  Archaeological  Siirz'cy  of  Halcakala  247 

three  platfornis,  which  are  situated  respectively  in  the  south,  east, 
and  north  parts  of  the  valley,  are  notable  for  the  volcanic  bombs 
used  in  construction.  The  isolated  south  platform  is  bordered  by 
a  wall  less  than  2  feet  high,  which  forms  a  rectangle  15  by  7 
feet.  The  space  within  the  walls  is  filled  with  sand  and  gravel 
forming  a  surface  which  corresponds  with  the  slope  of  the  ground. 

The  poorly  preserved  east  platform  with  dimensions  about 
12  by  4  feet  is  similarly  constructed.  The  north  platform  (PI. 
XXIII,  A)  difl^ers  from  the  other  two  in  the  presence  of  a  second- 
ary wall  about  5  feet  from  the  outer  south  wall,  which  divides 
the  platform  into  two  longitudinal  sections.  Due  west  of  the  north 
platform  is  an  anomalous  structure  consisting  of  two  walls  forming 
a  right  angle  that  corresponds  in  position  with  the  southwest 
corner  of  the  platform.  Near  the  entrance  to  Hanakuhi  Valley 
are  two  solidly  built  ahus  constructed  of  unmarked  local  stones. 
The  north  ahu  measures  5  by  7  feet  and  the  south  ahu  5>4  by  9 
feet;  both  are  2^^  feet  high  and  lie  east  and  west.  By  standing 
on  them  the  three  platforms  in  the  valley  can  be  seen  and  the 
approach  to  the  valley   watched. 

We  removed  all  the  rocks  of  the  south  ahu  and  dug  under 
it,  discovering  nothing.  Excavation  of  north  platform  (PI.  XXIII, 
A)  resulted  only  in  a  knowledge  of  its  construction.  x\  wall 
extending  north  and  south  for  19  feet  along  the  Puu  Kumu  slope 
of  the  valley  had  been  built  up  2  feet.  Then  the  side  towards 
the  slope  had  been  filled  in  with  two  layers  of  stone,  half  as  large 
as  those  in  the  walls,  and  then  coated  over  with  several  layers  of 
sand.  This  made  a  terrace  5  feet  wide,  closed  at  either  end 
by  a  solidly  built  wall.  At  the  back  of  this  terrace  was  laid  a 
single  course  of  volcanic  bombs,  averaging  a  foot  and  a  half  in 
diameter,  and  3  feet  back  from  this  line  was  laid  another  row 
of  bombs.  The  shallow  space  between  was  filled  level  with  sand 
3  inches  deep  on  the  up  valley  side,  and  12  inches  deep  on  the 
down  side.  The  terraced  platform  rests  on  hard-packed  cinders  in 
which  bombs  and  pieces  of  lava  are  embedded.  The  south  plat- 
form rests  on  a  flat  solid  lava  floor  and  is  similarly  constructed. 

[13] 


248  Occasional  Papers  Bcniicc  P.  Bishop  Mitscuiii 

MAMAXI    GROUP 

A  group  of  eleven  platforms  that  presented  some  types  new 
to  us  were  discovered  at  the  foot  of  :\Iamani  Hill  (Kalua  M3. 
mani).  A  small  terraced  platform  rests  on  the  west  slope  01 
:\Iamani  where  it  joins  the  floor  of  the  Crater.  It  measure? 
I2>4  by  4><  feet,  lies  northeast  and  southwest,  and  is  1/2  feet  high 
alone  the  front.  It  is  very  similar  to  the  lower  terraces  of  the 
north  and  south  Hanakauhi  platforms,  and  its  dimensions  are  the 
same  as  the  east  platform. 

Two  hundred  feet  southwest  from  this  platform  is  an  un- 
usual square  structure,  raised  on  a  knoll.  It  is  4>4  feet  on  the 
north.  6  feet  on  the  south,  414  feet  on  the  east,  and  6  feet  on  the 
west.  It  is  i)/2  feet  high  except  on  the  east  and  south  sides  which 
are  a  foot  higher,  forming  a  shelf  2  feet  wide. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  feet  west  of  this  is  an  unimposing 
structure  of  slabs  from  an  aa  lava  flow,  laid  one  upon  the  other 
to  a  height  of  i>4  feet  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle  3>4  feet  by  7. 
This  and  the  structures  described  below  lay  on  the  sands  at  the 
edge  of  an  old  lava  flow-  issuing  from  Dante's  Inferno.  They 
are  oriented  parallel  to  it — that  is,  northeast  and  southwest — and 
extended   in   a    line   towards   the   northeast. 

The  next  structure,  one  hundred  feet  away,  differs  markedly 
from  the  others  in  having  a  T  shape.  The  stem  of  the  T  is  3  feet 
square  and  on  the  east  joins,  about  in  the  middle,  the  platform, 
which  is  15  feet  long  by  5  feet  wide  and  2  feet  high.  A  platform 
130  feet  farther  on  is  19^^  feet  long,  3^/2  feet  wide,  and  2  feet 
high. 

Xinely  feet  beyond  this  are  two  structures  a  few  feet  apart. 
They  are  almost  square,  measuring  4  by  6  feet,  and  not  more  than 
2  feet  high.  Several  yards  aw^ay  from  these  is  a  platform  13 
feet  long,  3  feet  wide,  and  i>4  feet  high,  which  rests  upon  a  solid 
lava  flow.  Ten  yards  from  this  platform  is  a  miniature  one, 
2  by  3  feet,  and   i    foot  high. 

Two  hundred  feet  south  on  a  part  of  the  same  flow  is  an 
area  6  feet  square  and  less  than  a  foot  high,  paved  with  stones. 
\A'e  removed  the  stones  to  make  sure  that  they  concealed  no  crack 
or  opening  in  the  lava.     One  hundred   feet  east  on  the  very  edge 

.     [14] 


£jjiorv — All  Archacoloi^ical  Survey  of  Halcakala  249 

of   the    flow    is   the   last   of   the    structures,    a    platform    measuring 
3  by  5  feet  and  3  feet  high. 

KIHAPIILANI    ROAD 

The  upper  part  of  the  lava  flow  from  Dante's  Inferno  is 
traversed  by  an  ancient  Hawaiian  road.  We  were  able  to  trace 
its  course  over  the  lava,  but  lost  it  where  it  crossed  the  sands. 
It  is  6  to  8  feet  wide  and  paved  with  blocks  of  lava.  I  learned 
from  Mr.  Poouahi  at  Kaupo  that  this  road  was  built  by  a  Makawao 
chief,  Kihapiilani,  the  brother-in-law  of  Umi,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  gone  around  the  base  of  Mamani  Hill,  through  the  Hana- 
kauhi  A^alley,  above  ^launa  Hina  cone,  and  along  the  Kalapawili 
Ridge  to  the  pond  Wai  Ale  on  the  outside  slope  of  Haleakala, 
where  Kihapiilani  is  said  to  have  built  a  dam  to  hold  the  waters 
of  the  pool.  Waterworn  pebbles  found  above  Mauna  Hina  and 
along  Kalapawili  Ridge  might  be  considered  as  evidence.  I  could 
obtain  no  information  about  the  extension  of  this  road  west  across 
the  floor  of  the  Crater.  A  natural  course  would  be  along  the 
present  Halemauu  Trail.  There  is  a  story  current  on  Maui  that 
Kamehameha  built  a  road  across  the  lava  out  through  Koolau 
Gap.  We  could  discover  no  evidence  of  another  road  anywhere 
in  the  gap. 

On  the  south  slope  of  the  hill  below  Pun  Mamani  we  found 
two  walls,  12  feet  and  9  feet  long,  each  consisting  of  a  single 
course  of  stones.  I  believe  they  were  once  the  front  walls  of  two 
terraces. 

dante's  inferno  group 

West  from  Dante's  Inferno  and  about  200  yards  beyond  the 
place  where  the  Kihapiilani  Road  is  lost  in  the  sands  are  three 
platforms.  The  east  platform  is  14  feet  by  3>^  feet,  and  i^  feet 
high;  the  west  platform  is  10  feet  by  5  feet,  and  2  feet  high. 
They  are  36  feet  apart  with  their  long  diameters  extending  north- 
west, so  nearly  buried  in  drifting  sand  as  to  appear  like  natural 
formations.  About  75  feet  northwest  from  the  east  platform  is 
the  remaining  platform  of  the  group,  3>^  feet  by  8  feet,  and  i  foot 
high,   oriented   like   the  other   two. 

[15] 


250 


Occasional  Papers  Bcniicc  P.  Bishop  Muscion 


KEAIIUOKAIIOLU    GROUP 


From  Pun  Maui,  the  highest  cone  in  the  Crater,  a  ridge  of 
red  sand  extends  through  the  middle  of  Koolau  Gap  and  is  crossed 
by  Halemauu  trail  at  Keahuokaholo.  Near  this  point  and  along- 
side of  the  trail  is  a  curved  stone  wall  34  feet  long,  4/2  feet  wide 
and  y/2  feet  high.  Sand  has  nearly  covered  the  middle.  One 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  southeast  of  the  wall  is  an  ahu  3  by  4  feet. 

On  mounting  the  ridge  of  Keahuokaholo  a  surprising  num- 
ber of  piles  of  stone  come  into  view ;  some  having  thick  bases, 
others  having  one  stone  as  a  base.  We  counted  between  40  and 
50  within  a  radius  of  100  yards.  East  of  the  entrance  of  the  trail 
from  the  Halalii  side  are  28  stone  shelters.  Among  these  we  col- 
lected about  15  water-worn  pebbles.  Five  had  been  laid  together 
next  to  a  ruined  shelter  and  3  at  another  shelter.  There  were 
about  as  many  ahus  and  shelters  north  of  the  entrance  as  south 
of  it.  The  structure  farthest  away  on  the  north  is  a  platform 
9  feet  by  y/2   feet,  and  ij^   feet  high. 

On  the  west  border  of  Keahuokaholo  are  about  50  small 
ahus.  A  ruined  platform  lies  100  feet  south  and  another,  measur- 
ing y/2  feet  by  12  feet,  is  300  feet  to  the  northeast  on  the  edge  of 
a  ravine,  and  200  feet  farther  northeast  is  a  large  flat  rock,  three 
feet  high,  covered  by  a  single  layer  of  rough  stones. 

A  few  minutes  walk  from  Keahuokaholo  on  the  Leleiwi  trail 
brought  us  to  a  platform  ^y2  feet  wide  and  12  feet  long  built  of 
thin  slabs  of  aa  lava.  About  ten  minutes  later  we  reached  the  lava 
tube  known  as  Long  Cave,  near  which  are  three  large  stone  sleep- 
ing shelters.  With  Dr.  George  Aiken  as  guide,  Mr.  Walter 
Walker  and  myself  followed  the  cave  for  three-quarters  of  a  mile 
without   reaching   its   end. 

A  short  distance  north  of  the  trail  from  Long  Cave  is  the 
pit,  Na  Piko  Haua,  10  feet  deep  and  15  feet  in  diameter,  in  which 
we  found  tucked  away  in  crevices  the  umbilical  cords  of  Kaupo 
babies.  Some  of  the  cords  were  in  colored  cloth  wrapped  with  the 
hair  of  the  child's  mother,  and  others  were  preserved  in  small 
glass  bottles;  the  presence  of  the  recently  hidden  cords  testifies  to 
the  strength  of  superstition  among  present-day  natives.  I  have 
heard  two  explanations  of  this  custom.     Mr.  Poouahi,  from  Kaupo, 

[16] 


Emory — An  Arcliacoloi^ical  Surrey  of  Halcakala  251 

whose  own  cord  is  hidden  here,  claims  that  placing  the  cord  out 
of  danger  of  destruction  protects  the  child  from  becoming  a  thief. 
It  is  difficult  to  see  the  connection  as  rats  visit  the  caves ;  and 
besides,  better  protection  could  be  obtained  by  hiding  the  cords  in 
bottles  and  nearer  the  villages.  The  other  explanation  is  from 
Dr.  George  Aiken,  who  at  one  time  saw  an  old  native  throw  a  col- 
lection of  navel  strings  into  the  Bottomless  Pit,  Kawilinau,  ex- 
claiming, "To  make  the  child  strong".  There  must  be  more  sig- 
nificance to  the  custom.  Probably  these  spots  are  sacred.  The 
custom  prevails  also  in  the  region  of  Mount  Waialeale,  Kauai. 

THK    00    GROUP 

The  uppermost  cone  on  the  Sliding  Sands  Trail  contains  a 
small  but  exceedingly  steep  crater  filled  with  the  debris  of  great 
rocks.  Mewed  from  the  trail  no  structures  are  visible  but  on  the 
bottom  of  the  crater  are  the  three  largest  terraces  that  have  so  far 
been  discovered.  The  smallest  one,  which  banks  the  west  slope, 
is  20^/2  feet  long  at  the  front,  22  feet  at  the  back,  1314  feet  wide, 
and  4  feet  10  inches  high.  A  terrace,  13  feet  long,  7  feet  wide, 
and  I  foot  high,  leads  up  to  it.  The  next  terrace  in  size  is  on  the 
north  slope  and  measures  22y2  feet  long,  15  feet  wide,  3  feet 
8  inches  high.  By  far  the  largest  is  on  the  southeast  slope.  It  is 
38  feet  long,  22  feet  wide,  6  feet  high  at  its  highest  part.  At  the 
northeast  corner  is  a  depressed  floor,  15  feet  long,  10  feet  wide, 
3    feet   deep.      This    last   structure    is   very   much    in    ruins. 

KKONKHEEHEE    TRAIL    GROUP 

The  original  form  of  the  east  terraced  platform  of  the  Keo- 
neheehee  group,  north  of  Puu  o  Pele  and  on  the  south  side  of  the 
trail,  is  recognizable.  It  resembles  those  in  Hanakauhi  Valley.  It 
extends  east  and  west  13  feet,  is  4  feet  wide  at  the  east,  5  feet  9 
inches  at  the  west  end,  and  13  inches  high.  The  other  structure 
seems  to  have  retained  only  two  corners,  22  feet  apart;  it  may  not 
be   a  platform   at  all. 

On  the  Sliding  Sands  we  picked  up  half  of  a  water-worn 
stone,  originally  the  size  of  an  ostrich  egg.  On  the  Leleiwi  Trail 
we   found   another   stone   this   size,   and   many   pebbles. 

[  17  ] 


252  Occasional  Papers  Bcniicc  P.  Bishop  Museum 

Vv  among-  the  cliffs  of  Kalahaku  are  caves.  In  the  largest 
one  near  the  Crater  rim,  Mr.  Walker  found  last  September  the 
bottom  part  of  a  gourd  which  had  been  used  to  carry  poi.  While 
Dr.  George  Aiken  was  with  us  he  found  a  water-gourd  in  excellent 
condition   lying  on  the  cast   slope  of   the    Puu   o   ^laui. 

W'AI    KAPALAOA    SHELTERS 

At  the  foot  of  Puu  Alaile  and  opposite  the  spring,  Kapalaoa, 
I  counted  over  50  stone  shelters  in  clusters  of  3  to  10,  and  found 
pebbles  lying  on  the  sand  about  Kahuinaokeone,  but  none  among 
the  Kapalaoa  shelters.  I  do  not  think  the  shelters  can  be  considered 
fortifications ;  they  are  not  in  strategic  positions,  and  are  too  low 
for  a  man  to.  hide  behind  and  to  defend  himself  wdiile  throwing 
sling-stones.  As  sleeping  shelters  they  would  serve  tolerably  well 
in  clear  weather,  and  isolated  ones  on  the  floor  of  the  Crater  have 
been  so  used  even  recently.  The  group  of  shelters  at  Kapalaoa  and 
at  Keahuokaholo  are  large  enough  to  serve  as  sleeping  quarters 
for   150  to  200  men. 

hunter's  cave  terraces 

Until  a  few  years  ago  Hunter's  Cave,  under  the  east  rim  of 
the  small  crater  Kalua  o  Aawa  half  way  up  the  north  wall  of  the 
Crater  of  Haleakala,  had  been  frequently  used  by  sportsmen  as  a 
sleeping  place.  Dr.  George  Aiken  states  that  there  are  three  ter- 
races in  the  back  of  the  cave  similar  in  construction  to  the  terraces 
in  Halalii.  We  were  anxious  to  excavate  the  terraces  in  Hunter's 
Cave  but  its  entrance  is  sealed  by  tons  of  rock  which  fell  from  an 
overhanging  ledge   about    191 8. 

LAIE    GROUP 

On  the  margin  of  the  Kalua  o  Umi  lava  flow,  between  Laie 
Cave  and  the  upper  trail  to  Laie,  are  four  platforms  having  their 
long  dimension  east  and  west.  They  are  about  50  feet  apart,  each 
3  feet  high  and  the  other  dimensions  in  feet  as  follows :  the  first, 
3x6:  the  second,  4x6;  the  third  3x6;  the  fourth,  3x5. 

[  18  1 


Hniory — An  ArcJiacological  Survey  of  Halcakala  253 

HALEAKALA    GROUP 

Haleakala  proper  consists  of  two  peaks  and  a  high  connect- 
ing ridge,  on  the  south  rim  of  the  Crater.  On  Summit  Number  i 
of  Haleakala  we  found  by  far  the  largest  stone  structure  in  the 
Crater  region.  It  has  the  appearance  of  a  heiau  with  a  base  57  feet 
by  36  feet,  extending  lengthwise  along  the  ridge.  The  supporting 
wall  on  the  east  is  18  feet  high,  on  the  west  12  feet,  on  the  north 
6  feet,  and  on  the  south  15  feet.  The  top  is  24  by  15  feet,  roughly, 
and  consists  of  two  level  spaces,  the  one  on  the  east  is  6  feet 
square  and  is  sunk  about  2  feet,  the  other  is  GjA  feet  square  and 
half  a  foot  higher.  A  wall  several  feet  thick  separates  these  two 
level  places ;  and  in  front  of  the  eastern  one  extends  a  platform 
15  feet  long  and  6  wide,  almost  overhanging  the  rim  of  the  Crater. 
Two  survey  cairns  have  been  erected  on  the  edifice.  Otherwise  it 
is  well  preserved.  On  and  near  this  structure  ten  pebbles  were 
found. 

Just  east  of  Summit  Number  i,  in  a  dip  of  the  ridge,  is  a 
large,  rectangular  stone  shelter,  27>{,  feet  long,  8  feet  wide  on  the 
eas^  3  feet  wide  on  the  west,  wdth  walls  averaging  2  feet  high, 
measured  on  the  inside.  There  are  two  fireplaces  9  feet  apart  and 
2  feet  square.  The  eastern  one  contains  i  inch  of  solid  earth 
covering  7  inches  of  white  ash ;  in  the  other  was  found  two 
inches  of  soil  covering  small  pieces  of  burnt  wood.  Below  the 
large   shelter  are   four  or  five   smaller   shelters   in    ruins. 

Half  an  hour's  walk  farther  along  the  crest  of  the  ridge 
brought  us  to  another  rectangular  sheher,  63/2  feet  wide  and  13^ 
feet  long,  with  walls  3  feet  high.  Among  the  scattered  rocks  of 
the  enclosure,  a  fireplace,  3  feet  square,  was  found  against  the 
south  wall.  Other  smaller  shelters  lie  on  the  near-by  slope.  Fifty 
yards  east  in  the  lowest  part  of  the  ridge  between  the  summits  of 
Haleakala  Mountain  we  discovered  a  platform  with  a  flat  stone- 
paved  top,  4>4  by  8  feet,  and  34  inches  high,  extending  east  and 
west.  A  few  small  shelters  in  ruins  lie  50  yards  beyond,  one 
a  small  wall  a  foot  high  around  the  mouth  of  a  cave. 

A  platform  crowns  Summit  Number  2  and  near  at  hand  are 
six  small  shelters  in  ruins.  The  platform  was  20  feet  long,  3  or  4 
feet  wide,  with  the  wall  towards  the  Crater  3  feet  high.     A  survey 

[  19] 


254  Occasioiiiil  Papers  Bcniicc  P.  Bishop  Museum 

cairn  has  been  erected  on  its  cast  end.     Along  the  ridge  we  found 
five  more  pebbles  and  two  small  pieces  of  horned  coral. 

OTHKU    STRIXTURKS    ON    Tlll^  RIM 

In  exploring  the  north  rim  of  the  Crater  from  lianakauhi 
summit  to  Palaha,  we  found  two  platfornis.  One  is  merely  a 
pavement  of  large  smooth  rocks  meauring  6  feet  by  i8  feet  over- 
looking Kalua  o  Umi.  The  other  platform  on  the  summit  of 
Hanakauhi,  is  completely  in  ruins.  Our  attention  was  first  directed 
to  this  platform  by  the  following  remark  made  in  the  Coast  and 
Geodetic  Survey  records  of  the  station.  For  Hanakauhi:  "Station 
]\Iark:  a  pillar  of  stone  lo  feet  high  on  an  ancient  platform,  mali- 
ciously demolished  in  1884."  On  the  west  slope  of  Red  Hill  is  a 
group  of  25  shelters,  and  between  Red  Hill  and  Kolekole  Hill 
another  group  of  8  or  9  with  a  great  many  small  alius.  The 
craters  of  three  large  cones  in  the  desolate  Haupaakea  section 
of  the  rim  are  barren  of  structures. 

The  summit  of  White  Hill  is  completely  covered  with  large, 
strongly  constructed  shelters.  Just  west  of  the  summit  cairn  a 
crevice  in  a  small  cliff  is  sealed  by  stones  and  cement.  On  the 
ground  ten  feet  away  is  a  table  composed  of  four  large,  flat 
stones  one  on  top  of  the  other  with  cement  between.  These  are 
the  work  of  W.  D.  Alexander  during  his  survey  of  Haleakala  and, 
together  wdth  the  large  stone  corral  near  by,  should  not  be  con- 
fused with  the  Hawaiian  structures  in  the  crater. 

Dr.  George  Aiken  and  Mr.  W.  J.  D.  Walker  of  Hamakua- 
poko,  Maui,  report  a  platform  on  the  rim  of  the  Crater  just  north 
of  White   Hill. 


[  20 


Bmory — An  Archaeological  Survey  of  Haleakala 


255 


Hawaiian  Namks  of  Placks  Within  the  Crater 

On  the  published  maps  of  Haleakala  the  names  of  some  of 
the  principal  cinder  cones,  peaks,  and  important  localities  are 
lacking-  or  misplaced,  and  some  are  different  from  the  names  used 
by  the  natives  familiar  with  the  region.  To  remedy  this  defect 
we  procured  the  services  of  a  Hawaiian,  Leonard  Poouahi,  an 
intelligent  man  forty-six  years  of  age,  who  lives  at  Kaupo. 
In  conipany  with  this  reliable  guide  and  his  son,  Joseph,  the 
entire  extent  of  the  crater  was  visited  and  as  exact  information 
as  possible  obtained  regarding  the  pronunciation,  spelling,  and  the 
meaning  of  geographical  terms.  The  result  is  shown  in  the  fol- 
lowing list  to  which  definitions  have  been  added  by  Thomas  G. 
Thrum    as  indicated. 

CRATERS     AND    CINDER     HILES 

Halalii   (Ha-la-li'-i).     Contracted  form  of  hala  alii. 

Honokahua  (Ho-no-ka-hu'-a).     Joined  foundation  (Thrum). 

Kahuina  o  ke  One  (Ka-hui'-na  o  ke  O'-ne).     Place  where  the  sands  meet. 

Kalua  0  ka  Oo.     The  pit  of  Oo  (Thrum).   (Kalua  o  ka  Aawa  of  Hawaiian 

Government  Survey  map). 
Kalua   o    Umi.     Umi's   pit    (Thrum).      On    Hawaiian   Government    Survey 

map  name  incorrectly  assigned  to  the  cone,  Halalii. 
Kalua  Mahoe   (Ma'-hoe).     The  twin  pit. 
Kamoalii    (Ka-moa-li'-i).      Contraction   of   moa   alii,    name   of   one    of   the 

Pole    family   (Thrum). 
Ka  moa  o  Pele.     The  fowl  of  Pele. 
Kaulupo   (Ka-uiu'-po).     The  night  growth   (Thrum). 
Mauna    Hina    (Hi'-na).     Mount   Hina.      (Hina,    the   traditional   mother   of 

Ma-ui.) 
Namana  o  ke  Akua.     Wonders  of  evidences  of  the  deity   (Thrum). 
Oil!    Puu    (o-i'-li).      Hill    shot    out    (Thrum).      To    be    distinguished    from 

Pdu    Oili. 
Puu   Nole.     Nole  means  to  chide,  to  grumble  secretly   (Andrews). 
Puu  Hele.     Moving  hill  (Thrum).     Probably  means  the  hill  where  people 

pass    (Emory). 
Puu  Kauaua   (Ka-u-au'-a).     The  haughty  one. 
Puu    Kumu.     Foundation  hill    (Thrum). 
Puu   Maile  (Mai'-le).     Maile  hill.     Named  for  the  fragrant  evergreen  vine 

(Thrum). 
Puu  o  Pele.     Hill  of  Pele.     Pele  is  supposed  to  have  made  the  crater  one 

of    her    abodes. 
Puu   0    Maui    (Ma-u'-i).     Hill   of  the   demi-god,   Maui. 
Puu   Naue    (Na-u'e).     Trembling  hill    (Thrum). 

SLEEPING   CAVES 

Holua    (Ho-lu'-a).      Place    for    playing    the    ancient    sliding    game,    holua 
(Thrum).     Cave  of  the  North  Wind    (Emory). 

[21  ] 


256  Occasional  Papers  Bcruicc  I\  Bishop  Museum 

llailau    (Mai'-lau).     Ilailau  is  an  edible  plant. 
Kiikii.     To  make   hair   artificially   white    (Thrum). 
Laie.     A    common    place    name. 
Ana   ma   ka   Uahi.     Cave  by  the  smoke. 


Kawilinau    (Ka-wili-na'u).      The    twist    of    pain    (Thrum).      Perhaps    the 

twisting  of  an  object  let  down  into  the  pit  by  a  thread. 
Na   Piko   Haua.     Hiding  place  for  navel  strings. 

OTHER     NAMES 

Halemauu  (Hale-mau'-u).  Grass  house  situated  north  of  Leleiwi.  (In- 
correctly located   on  the   Hawaiian   Government   Survey   nifip.) 

Haleakala  (Hale  a-ka-la  ).  House  of  the  sun.  Properly  the  name  of  a 
peak  on  the  south  wall  of  the  crater.  The  peak  has  two  sum- 
mits, commonly  referred  to  as  Number  1  and  Number  2. 

Kalahaku    (Ka-la-ha'-ku).     Meeting  place  of  leaders. 

Kalapawili    (Ka-la-pa-wi'-li).      Winding    or    twisting    ridge. 

Kaluanui  (Ka-lua-nu'-i).  The  big  pit.  Name  of  the  crater  below  Pa- 
laha,  and  also  of  the  peak  at  the  end  of  the  ridge. 

Kapalaoa    (Ka-pa-la-o'-a).     The  ivory  ornament. 

Keaku    (Kea-ku').     Standing  clear  or  universally  white    (Thrum). 

Keoneheehee    (Ke-one-hee-he'-e).     Sliding   sand. 

Keonehili.     Braided  sand. 

Keonekapu.  Sacred  sands.  To  scratch  or  pollute  these  sands  is  sup- 
posed to  bring  down  the  fog  and  cause  one  to  lose  his  way  and 
perish,  as  did  the  woman  and  two  men  whose  traditional  grave 
is  a  few  feet  east  of  Pa  Puaa  o  Pele. 

Kuiki    (Ku-i'-ki).      Stand    a   while    (Thrum). 

Kumuiliahi    (Ku-mu-ili-a'-hi).     Sandalwood    stump. 

Lauulu   (Lau-u'-lu).     Breadfruit  leaf. 

Pakaoao  (Pa-kao-a'-o).  Sleeping  shelters  built  under  the  supervision  of 
Aoao    (Mr.   L.  A.  Thurston). 

Palaha    (Pa-la'ha).     Spread   out   flat    (Thrum). 

Paliku   (Pa-li'-ku).     Standing  cliff.     Term  used  for  several  different  cliffs. 

Pa  Puaa  o  Pele.     The  pig  pen  of  Pele. 

Puali  o  Koa  Nui  o  Kane.  Company  of  big  soldiers  of  Kane.  Or  if 
Puali  means  here  a  gap  in  a  lidge,  gap  (guarded  by)  of  the  big 
warrior,    Kane. 

Hanakauhl  (Ha-na-ka-u'-hi).  Perhaps,  maker  of  mists,  or  giver  of  pro- 
tection. Uhi  means  a  veil  or  covering,  and  also  to  protect  or 
hide. 

Walkau    (Wai-ka'-u).   The  natives   gave  the   k  a  t  sound    (wai-tau). 

Waikekeehia    (Wai-ke-kee-hi'-a).     Crooked   waters. 

Summary  of  the  Survey 

The  survey  of  Haleakala  has  revealed  the  existence  of  58 
stone  terraces  and  platforms,  9  groups  of  open  stone-shelters, 
several  hundred  ahus,  and  a  section  of  an  ancient  paved  road. 
The  time  at  our  disposal  was  sufficient  to  examine,  measure,  and 
photograph    these    structures,    to    make    a    plane    table    survey    of 

[22] 


Bniory — .-/;/  .Irchucoloiiical  Suri'cy  of  I lalcakala  257 

Naue,  Ilalalii,  and  Hanakahi  and  to  collect  archaeological  speci- 
mens. Of  the  loi  slingstones  picked  np  in  the  Crater,  none  were 
artificially  shaped.  They  may  have  been  nsed  by  natives  in  hunt- 
ing flocks  of  plover.  We  excavated  and  then  restored  5  platforms, 
10  terraces,   and   3  ahns. 

The  construction  of  the  terraces  and  platforms  was  deter- 
mined and  some  evidence  obtained  regarding  their  age  and  pur- 
pose. A  satisfactory  explanation  of  these  structures  must  await 
a  comparative  study  of  Hawaiian  stone  structures  elsewhere. 

The  small  terrace  (fig.  S,  D  )  under  the  northeast  dike  in  the 
Halalii  Crater  appears  to  have  been  constructed  to  conceal  the 
human  remains  found  there,  but  it  is  unlikely  that  all  the  structures 
in  Halalii  were  built  for  this  purpose.  Some  of  them,  in  particular 
the  skilfully  made  top  terrace  in  the  series  of  five,  may  antedate 
all   burials. 

During  the  course  of  the  work  I  gained  the  impression  that 
the  facts  are  opposed  to  the  view  that  the  terraces  and  platforms 
are  either  house  foundations,  fortifications,  places  for  hiding  things, 
or  burial  sites.  The  only  feature  which  these  mysterious  structures 
seem  to  have  in  common  is  a  square  or  rectangular  paved  flat 
surface,  from  i  to  6  feet  above  the  ground,  from  3  to  20  feet  wide, 
and  from  4  to  40  feet  long.  The  terrace  may  have  served  a  dif- 
ferent purpose  from  the  platforms,  but  if  a  flat  surface  was  the 
result  desired,  they  may  have  been  useti  for  a  single  purpose  as 
altars  upon  which  sacrifices  were  laid.  An  altar  would  naturally 
assume  the  shape  of  a  platform  wdien  erected  on  level  ground, 
and  of  a  terrace  when  erected  upon  a  slope.  If  these  platforms 
are  altars  and  peculiar  to  the  Haleakala  region,  they  would  repre- 
sent ab.ars  to  a  special  or  local  deity,  perhaps  to  Lilinoe,  Goddess 
of  Haleakala. 

NoTi:  BY  Thomas  G.  Thrum 

The  various  ruins  described  by  Mr.  Emory  are  probably 
associated  with  the  contentions  of  the  ancient  kings  of  West  A-taui 
for  the  coveted  districts  of  Kaupo,  Kipahulu,  and  Hana  with  its 
strategic  point,  Kauiki.  That  the  route  through  the  crater  by  way 
of  Kaupo  Gap  was  the  established  course,  is  evidenced  by  the  stone- 

123] 


258  Occasional  Papers  Bcniicc  l\  Bisliof^  Miiscuiii 

marked  roadway  and  dam  l)nilding  of  Kihapiilani,^  a  king  of  Maui, 
'Svho  caused  the  road  from  Kawaipapa  to  Kaholaoaka  to  be  paved 
with  smooth  rocks,  even  to  the  forests  of  Oopuloa,  in  Koolau, 
i\Iaui." 

The  stone  sheUers  arc  a  necessary  protection  against  the  fog, 
rain,  and  cold  wind  frequently  experienced  at  high  altitudes.  A 
number  of  shelters  on  the  rim  of  the  crater  are  known  to  be  of 
modern  construction.  Some  of  them  may  have  been  used  as  sta- 
tions for  robbers,  the  professional  oloJic,  who  waylaid  travelers  in 
out  of  the  way  places,  for  several  well-known  localities  in  the 
islands  are  traditionally  known  as  headquarters  for  robber  bands. 
So  important  a  route  for  the  trade  of  Alaui  is  not  likely  to  have 
been   overlooked. 

The  use  of  the  craters  within  Haleakala  as  burial  places,  far 
removed  from  places  of  habitation,  is  quite  in  keeping  with  ancient 
Hawaiian  practice.  Distance  and  difficulties  were  no  bar  to  faith- 
ful execution  in  carrying  out  the  instruction  of  a  dying  relative 
or    friend.^ 

Tradition  refers  to  several  localities  on  Haleakala  as  burial 
places  of  the  chiefs  of  Nuu.-'  One  such  cave  was  known  to  be 
used  by  people  of  Hawaii.' 

The  five-terraced  structure  in  Halalii  crater  (PI.  XXH,  B, 
and  fig.  3,  B)  resembles  the  four-terraced  heiau  of  the  Polihale 
temple  at  ATana,  Kauai,  but  its  location  and  the  buried  bones  within 
its  walls  indicate  perhaps  a  different  purpose  in  construction. 
Occasional  burials  in  heiaus  took  place,  but  they  appear  to  have 
been  rare  and  restricted  to  high  chiefs  and  priests,  persons  quali- 
fied to  conduct  religious  ceremonies.  Women  were  strictly  kapued 
from  entering  a  heiau's  sacred  precincts  in  life,  so  naturally  would 
not  be  allowed  to  desecrate  it  in  death. 

It  is  not  improbable  that  the  structure  in  the  commanding 
location  on  Summit  Number  i  is  a  heiau,  though  the  bards  make 
no  mention  of  it.  If  such  it  was  no  doubt — like  the  heiau  for- 
merly on  the  rim  of  Kilauea — designed   for  the  worship  of  Pele, 


'  B.  P.  Bishop  Mils.  Mem.,  vol.  5.  p.  176.     1918-1919. 

^  Idem,  vol.  4,  pp.  232-234.     1916-1917. 

"Idem,  vol.   5,  pp.   570-72,   I9i7-'i8. 

^Pogue.  J.  F.,  Ka  Moolelo  Hawaii,  p.  30,  Honolulu.  1858. 

[24] 


Emory — An  Archaeological  Surrey  of  Haleakala  259 

but  to  be  lost  in  tradition  must  have  long  antedated  the  Kilauea 
structure. 

Reference  to  the  place  of  deposit  of  the  "umbilical  cords  of 
Kaupo  babies"  (page  16),  and  to  the  superstitions  relating  to  the 
practice  illustrates  the  strong  hold  of  ancient  customs  on  Hawaiians. 
The  practice  may  be  traced  back  a  thousand  years  or  more,  and 
throws  light  on  the  name  chants  of  Puna-imua,  Hema,  Kahai,  and 
others,  which  mention  not  only  the  place  of  deposit  of  the  piko 
(umbilical  cord)  but  other  evidences  of  birth,  hid  in  different 
locations,  an  ancient  method,  it  may  be,  of  birth  registration. 
Whatever  may  have  been  the  original  design  in  the  custom,  the 
facts  recorded  in  name  chants  may  be  used  as  a  means  of  identifi- 
cation, or  proof,  of  Hawaiian  birth,  particularizing  it  to  locality. 
[t  is  evidence  which  may  be  used  to  refute  New  Zealand's  claim 
that  these  celebrated  pioneers  in  Pacific  voyaging  came  from  the 
Southern   Seas. 

The  various  sizes  of  the  numerous  ahus  mentioned  by  Mr. 
Emory  need  occasion  no  surprise,  considering  the  various  purposes 
for  which  they  were  customarily  designed.  It  was  a  recognized 
custom  of  Hawaiians  to  erect  stone  piles — pile  is  one  meaning  of 
the  word  ahu — as  way  marks,  memorials  of  parties  traveling  or 
resting,  division  points  of  survey,  and  also  as  guides  to  the  most 
accessible  routes  of  travel.  One  such  marks  the  safest  of  three 
ridges  leading  from  the  rim  of  the  crater  to  the  district  of  Nuu. 
That  some  ahus  mark  burial  places  is  in  accord  with  the  present 
practice  in  certain  districts  of  Maui  and  of  Hawaii,  and  perhaps 
elsewhere.  ]\Iost,  if  not  all,  of  the  ahus  of  three  stones,  one  upon 
another,  are  tributes  to  the  deity  of  the  locality  and  are  designed 
by  travelers  to  assure  safety  in  their  journey. 


[25] 


Eernice    P.    ]>ishop    ^Museum 


Occasional    PaperS;    Volume    VII,    Plate    XX 


i> 


^,,..,!fg' 


A.      PLAI  FORMS     IX     PUT     XAUE    CRATEK     X'lKWKl)     i^RiJM     THE 
HIGHEST   POIXT   ON   THE  RIM. 

A  man  and  doe  stand  at  the  bottom. 


--^^ 


t 


B.      EXCAVATIXCx    IX    THE    SOUTH    PLATFORM,    PUU    XAUE    GROUP. 
THE   EAST    PLATFORM    SHOWS   OX   THE   RIGHT   AXD   THE 
XORTH    rLATFOR:\I    IX   THE  UPPER   LEFT    CORXER. 


Bernice    P.    ]3ishop    Afuseui 


Occasional    Papers,    \'olume    \'II,     Plate    XXI 


A.      I5URIAL  AHU   IX   KA^IOA  O   PKLE   FROM   XORTHEAST. 

Photograph  by  R.  T.  Aitken. 


B.      I^ARCI^    SIXGLE    TERRACE,    HALAEII    GROUP. 
Photograph  by  R.  T.  Aitken. 


Bernice   P.    Bisliop    Museum 


Occasional    Papers   X'olume   VII,    Plate   XXIII 


i 


A.      XURTH    PLATFORM,    HAXAKAUHI    GROUP. 


^."^.T^ 


B.      XORTTl    PLATFORM,    LAIE    GROUP.       A    TYPICAL    PLATFORM 
ON  THE  LAVA. 


1 

7  DAY  USE 

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i^HTHROPOLOGY  LiBRARV 

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stamped  below. 

MAY23iyyU 

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